Proteomics involves the identification and quantification of proteins, the study of dynamic protein expression, post-translational modifications, cellular and sub-cellular protein distribution, and protein-protein interactions within a particular biological system (from pathway to organism). Thus, the term proteomics encompasses the systematic analysis of protein populations with a goal of concurrently identifying, quantifying, and analyzing large numbers of proteins in a functional context. As such, the ultimate goal of most proteomics studies is to determine which proteins or groups of proteins are responsible for a specific function or phenotype. Through this approach, proteomics has enormous potential in identifying proteins associated with different normal biological functions, as well as altered or diseased states. Research in this area has facilitated the identification of disease-related biomarkers and potential new drug targets.